Britain’s Role in an Evolving Gulf Security Order: The Strait of Hormuz Crisis, International Law, and Freedom of Navigation

Abstract

This article examines Britain’s role in the evolving Gulf security order, focusing on the Strait of Hormuz crisis, international law, and freedom of navigation. It analyses how regional rivalries, maritime insecurity, and disruptions to global trade shape Britain’s strategic engagement in the Gulf. Drawing on Regional Security Complex Theory, maritime security governance, and mid-dle-power strategy, the article evaluates Britain’s naval capabilities, diplomatic initiatives, and participation in multinational maritime cooperation. It also examines the legal framework gov-erning transit passage and the limitations imposed by international law on maritime enforce-ment and the use of force. The analysis argues that although Britain can contribute significantly to protecting commercial shipping and reducing navigational risks, its influence remains con-strained by limited military resources, regional political tensions, and the potential for escala-tion. The article concludes that sustainable maritime security requires a balanced approach combining credible deterrence, consistent application of international law, inclusive diplomacy, and stronger regional cooperation. Britain’s long-term contribution should therefore be assessed not only by its immediate crisis response but also by its ability to support a resilient Gulf securi-ty order that reduces the likelihood of future maritime crises.